31st

生命是一份禮物

2009-05-28T08:59:00.002+08:00

有一位瞎女很討厭自己因為眼睛瞎了。她也討厭每個人，唯一不討厭的是她的男朋友，因為他都常守在她身旁。於是她對她的男朋友說：「如果能讓我看到這個世界，我愿意嫁給你！」

有一天，有人捐了一對眼精給她。當紗布解開時，她能夠看到一切，包括她的男朋友。

男朋友問她：「現在你可以看到這世界，你愿意嫁給我嗎？」那女孩看了男朋友是個瞎子，他那對蓋上眼皮的眼睛嚇到了她，這是她無法想像。她想：要我嫁給他而一生對着他這個樣子，我無法接受。

於是，她的男朋友很傷心的離開她，幾天後寫了字條給她：「親愛的，請你好好照顧你的眼睛，因為它不是屬於你的之前，它是屬於我的。」

這也是人的腦會如何做當情況有所變動。只有少許人會記得他或她之前的生活及誰會在身旁當他或她處在困境的時候

生命是一份禮物

今天，當你要講一句不善之言－－請想想那些無法講話的人

當你要埋怨食物的味道時－－請想想那些沒有食物吃的人

當你要埋怨你的先生或太太時－－請想想那些在向上天哭訴要一個伴侶的人

今天，當你要埋怨生活時－－請想想那些太早離開人世間的人

當你要埋怨小孩時－－請想想那些渴望小孩而無能生育的人

當你要爭論沒有人清理屋子時－－請想想那些住在街邊的人

當你在哀訴駕駛的路程－－請想想那些同樣的路程以代步的人

當你很疲備而埋怨工作時－－請想想那些無工作，殘疾的，及那些多麼希望擁有你這份工作的人

當你想要指著人或互相譴責時－－請記得沒有一個人是無罪

當壓抑的念頭讓你無法振作時－－請你笑一笑想想：你還活著存在世間！

不生病的生活

2009-05-13T14:14:00.000+08:00

让我们大家走进相对比较正确的养生观

朱自清《背影》

2009-01-14T10:18:00.000+08:00

办完前个星期岳母和上星期父亲丧事，无意间看到朱自清的《背影》，百感交集，淚如泉湧。。。。。。

背影

我与父亲不相见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。父亲说，“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路！”回家变卖典质，父亲还了亏空；又借钱办了丧事。这些日子，家中光景很是惨淡，一半为了丧事，一半为了父亲赋闲。丧事完毕，父亲要到南京谋事，我也要回北京念书，我们便同行。

到南京时，有朋友约去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便须渡江到浦口，下午上车北去。父亲因为事忙，本已说定不送我，叫旅馆里一个熟识的茶房陪我同去。他再三嘱咐茶房，甚是仔细。但他终于不放心，怕茶房不妥帖；颇踌躇了一会。其实我那年已二十岁，北京已来往过两三次，是没有甚么要紧的了。他踌躇了一会，终于决定还是自己送我去。我两三回劝他不必去；他只说，“不要紧，他们去不好！”

我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。行李太多了，得向脚夫行些小费，才可过去。他便又忙着和他们讲价钱。我那时真是聪明过分，总觉他说话不大漂亮，非自己插嘴不可。但他终于讲定了价钱；就送我上车。他给我拣定了靠车门的一张椅子；我将他给我做的紫毛大衣铺好坐位。他嘱我路上小心，夜里警醒些，不要受凉。又嘱托茶房好好照应我。我心里暗笑他的迂；他们只认得钱，托他们直是白托！而且我这样大年纪的人，难道还不能料理自己么？唉，我现在想想，那时真是太聪明了！

我说道，“爸爸，你走吧。”他望车外看了看，说，“我买几个橘子去。你就在此地，不要走动。”我看那边月台的栅栏外有几个卖东西的等着顾客。走到那边月台，须穿过铁道，须跳下去又爬上去。父亲是一个胖子，走过去自然要费事些。我本来要去的，他不肯，只好让他去。我看见他戴着黑布小帽，穿着黑布大马褂，深青布棉袍，蹒跚地走到铁道边，慢慢探身下去，尚不大难。可是他穿过铁道，要爬上那边月台，就不容易了。他用两手攀着上面，两脚再向上缩；他肥胖的身子向左微倾，显出努力的样子。这时我看见他的背影，我的泪很快地流下来了。我赶紧拭干了泪，怕他看见，也怕别人看见。我再向外看时，他已抱了朱红的橘子望回走了。过铁道时，他先将橘子散放在地上，自己慢慢爬下，再抱起橘子走。到这边时，我赶紧去搀他。他和我走到车上，将橘子一股脑儿放在我的皮大衣上。于是扑扑衣上的泥土，心里很轻松似的，过一会说，“我走了；到那边来信！”我望着他走出去。他走了几步，回过头看见我，说，“进去吧，里边没人。”等他的背影混入来来往往的人里，再找不着了，我便进来坐下，我的眼泪又来了。

Timeline of Romani History (吉普赛人历史)

2008-10-28T12:55:00.000+08:00

Timeline of Romani History

The history of the Roma is one of continuous struggle and persecution. Since their entry into Europe, the Roma have been outlawed, enslaved, hunted, tortured, and murdered. From the time of the Slobuzenja (Abolition of Romani Slavery) in 1856, to the present day, the Roma have fought for their just social and human rights, largely to the deaf ears of world governments and an indifferent public.

The use of the names Rom, Roma, Romani, or the double 'r' spelling, are used when possible, instead of the names 'Gypsy' and 'Gypsies'. However, it may be necessary to use Gypsy and Gypsies within a cultural or historical context. Romanichal, Gitanos, Kalé, Sinti, Manush, and others do not use Roma when referring to themselves, but to others. For the purpose of this timeline, Roma is used when possible. Rom, Roma, and Romani should not connected or confused with the country of Romania, or Rome the city. These names have separate, distinct etymological origins and are not related.

Before AD 400. Some Indians become nomadic craftsmen and entertainers.

430-443. The Persian poet Firdawsi reports in the Shah-Nameh (Book of Kings), written c.1000, how the Persian Shah Bahram Gur persuades the Indian King Shangul to send him 10,000 Luri musicians to be distributed to the various parts of the Persian kingdom.

820-834. Zott state established on the banks of the River Tigris

855. The Persian chronicler Tabari relates how large numbers of Zott are taken prisoner when the Byzantines attack Syria.

1001-1026. Sindh and the Panjab in India are invaded some seventeen times by a mixed army of Turko-Persian Ghaznivid troops led by King Mahmud from Ghazni (present-day eastern Iran). Indian resistance, in the form of the Rajput warriors, is fierce, but King Mahmud is victorious and takes half a million slaves.

c.1000. Roma reach the Byzantine Empire (modern Greece and Turkey).

c.1200. The canonist Theodore Balsamon describes the canon LXI of the Council in Trulho (692) which threatens a six-year excommunication for any member of the Church (including Athinganoi) from displaying bears or other animals for amusement or by telling fortunes.

1290. Romani shoemakers are recorded in Greece residing on Mount Athos.

c.1300. The Romani Aresajipe; the arrival of Roma in Europe.

Romani groups begin to be enslaved in southeast Europe.

1322. Roma are recorded on the island of Crete.

1348. Roma are recorded in Prizren, Serbia.

1362. Roma are recorded in Dubrovnik, Croatia.

1373. Roma are recorded on the island of Corfu.

1378. Roma are recorded living in villages near Rila Monastery, Bulgaria.

1384. Romani shoemakers are recorded in Modon, Greece.

1385. The first recorded transaction of Roma slaves in Romania.

1387. Mircea the Great of Wallachia indicates that Roma have been in that country for over one hundred years.

1383. Roma are recorded in Hungary.

c.1400. In Bulgaria, Roma are reported "living in large numbers" along the Albanian coast.

1407. Roma are recorded at Hildesheim, Germany.

1416. Roma are expelled from the Meissen region of Germany.

1417-1423. King Sigismund of Hungary issues safe-conduct orders at Spis Castle for travelling Roma.

1418. Roma are recorded in Colmar, France.

1419. Roma are recorded in Antwerp, Belgium.

1420. Roma are recorded in Deventer, Holland.

1422. Roma are recorded in Rome and Bologna

1423. Roma are recorded in Spissky, Slovakia.

1425. Roma are recorded in Zaragoza, Spain.

1427. Hundreds of Roma arrive at the gates of Paris. The city sends them on to the town of Pontoise in less than a month.

1445. Prince Vlad Dracul of Wallachia transports some 12,000 persons "who looked like Egyptians" from Bulgaria for slave labour.

1447. First record of Roma in Catalonia.

1449. Roma are driven out of the city of Frankfurt-am-Main.

1468. Roma are recorded in Cyprus.

1471. The first anti-Gypsy laws are passed in Lucerne, Switzerland.

17,000 Roma are transported into Moldavia by Stephan the Great for slave labour.

1472. Duke Friedrich of the Rhine Palatinate asks his people to help Roma pilgrims.

1476 and 1487. King Matthias of Slovakia issues safe-conduct orders for travelling Roma.

1482. The first anti-Gypsy laws are passed in state of Brandenburg.

1485. Roma are recorded in Sicily.

1489. Roma musicians are reported on Czepel Island, Hungary.

1492 and 1496. King Vladislav of Slovakia issues safe-conduct orders for travelling Roma.

1492. The first anti-Gypsy laws are passed in Spain.

1493. Roma are expelled from Milan.

1496-1498. The Reichstag (parliament) in Landau and Freiburg declares Roma traitors to the Christian countries, spies in the pay of the Turks, and carriers of the plague.

1498. Four Gypsies accompany Christopher Columbus on his third voyage to the New World.

1499. Medina del Campo in Spain orders Gitanos to find a trade and master, cease travelling with other Gitanos, all within sixty days. Punishment for failure to obey is 100 lashes and banishment. Repeat offences are punished by amputation of ears, sixty days in chains, and banishment. Third-time offenders become the slaves of those who capture them.

1500. At the request of Maximilian I, the Augsburg Reichstag declares Roma traitors to the Christian countries, and accuses them of witchcraft, kidnapping of children, and banditry.

c. 1500. Gitano influence on Andalusian flamenco song and dance begins. Although flamenco is not a Gitano invention, the art of flamenco later becomes forever associated with the Gitanos from the 19th century onwards.

1501. Roma are recorded in Russia.

1504. Roma are prohibited by Louis XII from living in France. The punishment is banishment.

1505. Roma are recorded in Scotland, probably from Spain.

1510. Roma are prohibited by the Grand Council of France from residence. The punishment is banishment. A second offence results in hanging.

1512. Roma are first recorded in Sweden on 29 September. A company of about 30 families, lead by a "Count Anthonius" arrives in Stockholm, claiming that they came from "Little Egypt". They are welcomed by the city and given lodging and money for their stay. A few years later, King Gustav Vasa (1521-1560), suspects that the Roma are spies and orders that they be driven out from the country.

Roma are expelled from Catalonia.

1523. Prague officially allows nomads to remain. The welcome does not last long.

1525. Charles V issues an edict in Holland ordering all those that call themselves Egyptians to leave the country within two days.

1526. The first anti-Gypsy laws are passed in Holland and Portugal.

1530. The first law expelling Gypsies from England is introduced. Henry VIII forbids the transportation of Gypsies into England. The fine is forty pounds for ship's owner or captain. The Gypsy passengers are punished by hanging.

1531. The Augsburg Reichstag forbids the issuing of passports to Roma.

1536. The first anti-Gypsy laws are passed in Denmark.

1538. Deportation of Roma in Portugal to colonies begins.

1539. Roma are prohibited by Frances I from residence in France. The punishment is banishment. A second offence results in corporal punishment.

1540. Gypsies are allowed to live under their own laws in Scotland.

1541. Roma are blamed for outbreak of fires in Prague. This sets the stage for future anti-Gypsy legislation.

The first anti-Gypsy laws are passed in Scotland.

1547. Edward VI of England institutes law requiring that Gypsies be seized and "branded with a 'V' on their breast, and then enslaved for two years." If escapees are caught they will be branded with an "S" and made slaves for life.

Andrew Boorde authors an encyclopedia in England entitled The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. It has a chapter on Romani, which includes some of the earliest specimens of the language.

1549. The first anti-Gypsy laws are passed in Bohemia.

1554. In the reign of Philip and Mary, an Act is passed which decrees that that the death penalty shall be imposed for being a Gypsy, or anyone who "shall become of the fellowship or company of Egyptians."

1557. The first anti-Gypsy laws are passed in Lithuania.

In the reign of Sigismund Augustus, the first law ordering Roma to be expelled is passed by the Warsaw Seym (parliament).

1559. Roma are recorded on the Finnish island of Åland.

1560. The Archbishop of the Swedish Lutheran Church forbids priests to have any dealings with Roma. Their children are not to be christened and their dead not to be buried.

1560 and others. Spanish legislation forbids Gitanos of travelling in groups of more than two. Gitano "dress and clothing" is banned. Punishment for wearing Gitano clothing and travelling in groups of more than two is up to eighteen years in the galleys for those over fourteen years of age. This legislation is later altered to change the punishment to death for all nomads, and the galleys reserved for settled Gitanos.

1561. Roma are prohibited by Charles IX of France from residence. The punishment is banishment. A second offence results in the galleys and corporal punishment. Men, women and children have their heads shaved.

1562. An Act is passed in England "for further punishment of Vagabonds, calling themselves Egyptians." Any Gypsy born in England and Wales is not compelled to leave the country if they quit their idle and ungodly life and company. All others should suffer death and loss of lands and goods.

1563. The Council of Trent in Rome affirms that Roma cannot be priests.

1568. Pope Pius V orders the expulsion of all Roma from the domain of the Roman Catholic Church.

1573. Gypsies in Scotland are ordered to leave the country or settle down.

1578. At the General Warsaw Seym, King Stephen Báthory pronounces an edict threatening sanctions against anyone who harbours Roma on their lands. They are punished as accomplices of outlaws.

1579. Augustus, elector of Saxony, orders the confiscation of Romani passports and banishes them from Saxony.

Gypsies are recorded in Wales.

Wearing of Romani dress is banned in Portugal.

1580. Roma are recorded on the Finnish mainland.

1586. Nomadic Roma are ordered expelled from Belarus.

1589. In Denmark, the death penalty is ordered for any Roma not leaving the country.

1595. Stefan Razvan, the son of a Roma slave and free woman, becomes ruler of Moldavia in April. He is deposed four months later and murdered in December of the same year.

1596. 106 men and women are condemned to death at York just for being Gypsies, but only nine are executed. The others prove they were born in England.

Early 17th century. Spanish legislation becomes harsher, forbidding Gitanos from dealing in horses. The local populace is given permission to form armed groups to pursue Gitanos.

1606. Roma are prohibited by Henry IV of France from any gathering of more than three or four. Roma are punished as "vagabonds and evil-doers."

1611. Spanish legislation orders that all Gitano occupations must be connected to the land.

1619. Philip III declares all Gitanos are to be banished from the kingdom of Spain within six months, or to settle in a locality with over 1,000 inhabitants. The dress, name and language of the Gitanos is banned. The punishment is death.

1637. The first anti-Gypsy law in Sweden is enacted. All Roma should be expelled from the country within one year. If any Roma are found in Sweden after that date the men will be hanged and the women and children will be driven out from the country.

1646. An ordinance passed in Berne gives anyone the right "personally to kill or liquidate by bastinado or firearms" Roma or Heiden (heathen) malefactors.

1647. Roma are punished by the Louis XIV regency of France for being "Bohemians." Punishment is the galleys.

1652. Matiasz Korolewicz is conferred the title "King of the Gypsies" by the Polish Royal Chancery.

1650s. Last known execution for being Gypsies, in Suffolk, England. Others are banished to America.

1660. Roma are prohibited from residence in France by Louis XIV. Punishment is banishment. A second offense results in the galleys or corporal punishment.

1660-1800. The identity of the English Gypsy Romanichal group has been formed. They survive by working for local people who know them.

1661. Johann Georg II, elector of Saxony, imposes the death penalty to any Roma caught in his territory.

1666. Punished by Louis XIV of France for being "Bohemians." Men are sent to the galleys. Women and girls are flogged, branded and banished.

1682. Louis XIV reiterates his previous policy: punishment for being "Bohemian." Men are sentenced to the galleys for life on the first offence. Women's heads are shaved and children are sent to the poor house. For a second offence, women are branded and banished.

1685. Portugal deports Roma to Brasil, and makes it a crime to speak Romani.

1686. Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, decrees that Roma are not to be allowed trade or shelter.

There is a sudden and radical change in the attitude of the Swedish Lutheran Church. Roma are now accepted and their children may be christened.

1700-16 and 1720-22. In Lorraine, Roma are punished for begging and vagabondage in general. Punishment is banishment. A second offence results in iron collars, branding and banishment.

1710. In Prague, Joseph I issues an edict that all adult Roma men will be hanged without trial and that boys and women be mutilated. In Bohemia, the left ear is to be cut off. In Moravia the right ear is to be cut off. Lodging or otherwise aiding Roma is punishable by up to six months forced labour.

Prince Adolf Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz issues orders that all Roma can be flogged, branded, expelled, or executed if they return. Children under ten are to be removed and raised by Christian families.

1711. Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony authorizes shooting of Roma if they resist arrest.

1711-1772. Cinka Panna is one of the most popular musicians in Slovakia and eastern Europe. A maestro violinist, she tours with her own Romani musical ensemble.

1714. British merchants and planters apply to the Privy Council to ship Gypsies to the Caribbean, avowedly to be used as slaves.

In Mainz, all Roma are to be executed without trial on the grounds that their way of life is outlawed.

Romani music bands are recorded to travel in the Austro-Hungarian court of Esterháza. They accompany the dancing of soldiers playing verbunkos, in recruiting efforts for Nicolas the Magnificent's military operations.

1715. Ten Gypsies in Scotland are recorded deported to Virginia in the Americas.

1717. Forty-one localities are set out in Spain as places of residence for Gitanos.

1719 and other years. In France, sentencing for being Roma is altered from the galleys to deportation to French colonies.

1721. Emperor Karl VI of the Austro-Hungarian empire orders the extermination of Roma throughout his domain.

1723. Roma are prohibited from residence in the Lorraine, gathering in the woods or main roads. Punishment is banishment. Communities are encouraged "to gather, march in formation and open fire on them."

1724. All vagabonds and vagrants are prohibited by Louis XV of France from residence and nomadism and gathering of more than four adults in a house. Adult men are sentenced to the galleys for five years. All others are flogged and sent to the poor house.

1725. Frederick William I condemns any Roma over eighteen caught in his territory, man or woman, to be hanged without trial.

1726. Gitanos in Spain are forbidden to appeal against the sentences of the courts.

Charles VI passes a law that any Rom found in the country are to be killed instantly. Romani women and children are to have their ears cut off and whipped all the way to the border.

1727. Berne decree no.13 reiterates that Roma are forbidden to stay. "Gypsy men and women of more than fifteen years of age shall have one ear cut off the first time they are caught ... but if they are caught a second time they shall be sentenced to death."

1728. The town council of Aachen passes an ordinance condemning Roma to death. "Captured Gypsies, whether they resist or not, shall be put to death immediately. However, those seized who do not resort to counter-attack shall be granted no more than a half an hour to kneel, if they so wish, beg God almighty to forgive them their sins and to prepare themselves for death."

1733. Empress Anna Ioannovna of Russia decrees Roma are forbidden to travel and must settle down as serfs of the land.

1734. Frederick William I decrees that any Roma caught in his territory, man or woman, will be hanged without trial. A reward is offered.

1740. The Guild of Locksmiths at Miskolc in Hungary canvas successfully for an order to stop Roma from doing any metalwork outside their tents.

Charles VI issues an edict that anyone caught aiding Roma will be punished.

1745. Gitanos in Spain must settle in assigned places within two weeks. The punishment for failure is execution. "It is legal to fire upon them to take their life." The Churches no longer provide asylum. Armed troops are ordered to comb the countryside.

1748. All Swedish laws concerning Gypsies are integrated into one law, intending to prevent further immigration and to force Roma to settle.

1749. The year of the "Great Gypsy Round-up" in Spain. Gitanos are separated from "the bad and the good" through inquiries and witnesses reports. For the "bad," punishment is forced public works. Escapees are hanged. Motherless girls are sent to poor houses or into service for "honest" people. Older girls and wives of sentenced men with children under seven are "educated in Christian doctrine and the holy fear of God" and sent to factories.

1753-54. Stephan Valyi, a Hungarian student at the University of Leyden discovers the Panjabi root of the Romani language from comparing 1,000 words spoken by three university students from Malabar to the Roma of Raab near his hometown.

1759. Roma are banned from Saint Petersburg, Russia.

1761. Maria Theresa, Empress of Hungary, passes first laws in Europe trying to settle and reform, or assimilate, Roma, calling them the "New Hungarians."

1763. In the Austro-Hungarian empire, Székely Von Doba first brings Pastor Stephan Valyi's findings about the Indian origins of the Roma to academic attention in the November 6 edition of The Vienna Gazette.

1764. All vagabonds and vagrants are denied residence in France with renewed legislation. Adult men are sentenced to the galleys for three years. All others are confined to the poor house for three years, and are then given a choice of domicile and a trade. Repeated offences by men result in the galleys for nine years, and in several repeat offences, in perpetuity.

1764-1827. János Bihari, Rom composer and bandleader, popularises "Hungarian dance" music.

1773. In December, Maria Theresa, Empress of Hungary, orders all Romani children over five in the Palatinate of Pressburg and at Fahlendorf to be taken from their parents. They are transported to distant villages and assigned to peasants to bring them up for a stipend of 12-18 florins a year. Most of the children run away to rejoin their families, who take refuge in the mountains or disappear in the plains.

1776. Constantin, Prince of Moldavia, prohibits marriages to Roma.

1780. English anti-Gypsy laws are gradually repealed, though not totally, from this date on.

1782. Joseph II of Hungary, son of Empress Maria Theresa, issues a 59-point edict reiterating his policy: schooling for children and compulsory attendance at religious services; Romani language, clothing and music are forbidden.

In Hungary, two hundred Roma are accused and charged with cannibalism.

1783. Spanish legislation reiterates previous orders. Gitano dress, way of life, language is forbidden, and settlement is compulsory within ninety days. The name Gitano is forbidden and is to be removed from all official documents. Restrictions on trade and place of residence of Gitanos is lifted. Punishment for failure to observe restrictions is branding. Repeat offenders are sentenced to "death, with no appeal."

Heinrich Grellman of Göttingen University writes Die Zigeuner. Drawing on the works of previous writers, he links India as the original homeland of the Gypsies through their language.

Late 18th century. Count Orlov of Russia organises the first Romani chorus, headed by Ivan Sokolov. The chorus members are selected from his Romani serfs.

Early 1800s. "Gypsy hunts" (Heidenjachten) are a common and popular sport in Germany.

1802. The prefect of the department of Basses Pyrenees in France issues an order "to purge the country of Gypsies."

1803. Napolean Bonaparte prohibits residence of Roma in France. Children, women and the aged are sentenced to the poor house. Young men are given their choice of joining the navy or army. Adult men are sent to forced labour.

1807. Count Orlov of Russia frees the artists of his Romani chorus and they become the first professional chorus in Russia. The group includes the famous Stepanida Soldatova.

1811. Trinity Cooper, a Gypsy girl aged thirteen, demands to be let into a charity school for "ragged children" in Clapham, near London, with her two brothers. They are finally admitted.

1816. John Hoyland, a Quaker, writes the first serious book calling for better treatment for Gypsies in England. Several charitable projects follow; but many Gypsies are transported as criminals to Australia.

1822. In the United Kingdom, the Turnpike Act is introduced. Gypsies found camping on the roadside are fined.

1830s. First wooden horse-drawn covered waggons for Gypsies are developed in England.

1830. Authorities in Nordhausen, Germany remove Roma children from their families for fostering with non-Roma.

1834. The governour of Wallachia, Alexander Ghica, frees all state slaves.

1837. George Borrow translates Saint Luke's Gospel into Romani.

1842. The hospodar of Moldavia, Mihail Sturdza, emancipates all state slaves; however, in Wallachia and Moldavia private ownership of Romani slaves is still legally permitted.

1844. The Moldavian Church liberates its Romani slaves.

1847. The Wallachian Church liberates its Romani slaves.

1848. Emancipation of serfs (including Roma) in Transylvania.

1855. Gobineau publishes his book Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines, which argues that human beings fall into higher and lower races, with the white "Aryan" race, and particularly the Nordic people, ranking at the top. This had particular impact upon German philosophical and political thinking.

A decree issued in the Duchy of Baden warns the citizens that "in recent times, Gypsies, especially from Alsace, have frequently been re-entering and travelling about with their families, purportedly to engage in trade but mostly for the purposes of begging or other illegal activities."

1856. The Slobuzenja. Abolition of slavery in Romania; large-scale emigrations of Roma to western Europe and America begin.

1864. Complete legal freedom for Roma in the united Balkan states is granted by Prince Ioan Alexandru Couza.

1868. In Holland, Richard Liebich's work on Roma introduces the phrase "lives unworthy of life" with specific reference to them, and later used as a racial category against Roma in Nazi Germany.

1870. Imperial Chancellor Otto von Bismarck circulates a letter dated November 18th demanding the "complete prohibition of foreign Gypsies crossing the German border," and that "they will be transported by the closest route to their country of origin." He also states that Roma in Germany be asked to show documentary proof of citizenship, and that if this is not forthcoming, they be denied travelling passes.

1874. Muslim Roma are given equal rights with other Muslims in the Ottoman Empire.

1876. Cesare Lombroso publishes his influential work L'uomo deliquente, which contains a lengthy chapter on the genetically criminal character of the Roma. This is translated into many languages, including German and English, and has a profound effect upon western legal attitudes.

A decree is issued in Bavaria which calls for the strictest examination of documentation held by Roma, both at the borders and inland, and the confiscation of their work permits wherever the slightest reason warrants. Their horses are also to be examined and confiscated if deemed unhealthy. The movements of those Gypsies who are allowed to remain are still to be carefully monitored.

1879. A national conference of Roma is convened in Kisfalu, Hungary.

Nomadism is banned in Serbia.

1880s. Agricultural depression in England brings poverty to many Gypsies, who move to squatter areas near towns.

Argentina forbids Roma entry into country.

1884. Dr. Sonya Kavalevsky, a Romni, is appointed professor of mathematics at Stockholm University becoming the first female professor in Scandinavia.

1885-95. Unsuccessful attempts in England to introduce the Moveable Dwellings Bills in Parliament to regulate Gypsy life.

1885. Roma are excluded by United States immigration policy; many are returned to Europe.

1886. Chancellor von Bismarck issues a directive to the governments of all regions of Germany alerting them to "complaints about the mischief caused by bands of Gypsies travelling in the Reich, and their increasing molestation of the population," and states that foreign Roma are to be dealt with in particular. This leads to the creation of many regional policies designed to deport non-German-born Roma.

Nomadism is banned in Bulgaria.

1889. The Showmen's Guild formed to oppose the Moveable Dwellings Bills. Showmen begin to become a distinct group from other Travellers or Gypsies.

1890. The Swabian parliament organizes a conference on the "Gypsy Scum" (Das Zigeunergeschmeiß), and suggests means by which the presence of Roma could be signalled from village to village by ringing church bells. The military is empowered to apprehend and move Roma on.

1899. An Information Agency, the Central Office for Fighting the Gypsy Nuisance (Nachrichtendienst in Bezug auf die Zigeuner), is established in Munich under the direction of Alfred Dillmann to collate reports on Roma movement throughout German lands, and a register of all Gypsies over the age of six is begun. This includes obtaining photographs, fingerprints and other genealogical data, and particularly information relating to "criminality." This leads to two initiatives: Dillmann's Zigeuner-Buch (1905), and the December 1911 conference. This agency does not officially close down until 1970.

1904. The Prussian Landtag unanimously adopts a proposition to regulate Gypsy movement and means of livelihood.

1905. Alfred Dillmann's Zigeuner-Buch appears in Germany. This consists of three parts; an introduction which presents the arguments for controlling Roma, a register, 310 pages long, of over 5,000 Roma, including name, date and place of birth, genealogy and kinship, criminal record and so on, and lastly a collection of photographs of Roma and Sinti from various police files. The introduction maintains that the German people are "suffering" from a "plague" of Roma, that they are "a pest against which society must unflaggingly defend itself," and that they "must be controlled by the police most severely," being "ruthlessly punished" when necessary. The notion of the particular dangers of mixed Romani and white individuals, whom Dillmann considers to constitute almost the entire Roma population, resurfaces in the Nuremburg Laws in 1935. These racially-motivated statements also support the Zigeuner-Buch's emphasis on the Romani genetic tendency toward criminal behavior.

Voting rights are demanded for Roma at conference in Sofia, Bulgaria.

1906. On February 17th, the Prussian Minister of the Interior issues a directive entitled Die Bekämpfung des Zigeunerunwesens ("Combatting the Gypsy nuisance") which lists bilateral agreements guaranteeing the expulsion of Roma from those countries, with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Russia and Switzerland. Police are authorized to prosecute Roma for breaking the law, which offenses include "lighting fires in the woods, illegal fishing, illegal camping" and so on. Temporary school attendance is forbidden for children whose families are travelling through an area

Prussia introduces "Gypsy licenses," required by all those wanting to stay there. These are given out only if the applicant has a fixed domicile, no serious criminal convictions, educational provision for their children, and proper tax accounts. Those qualifying are nevertheless not allowed to settle locally.

1907. Many Roma in Germany leave for other countries in Western Europe.

Django Reinhardt, famous jazz/blues guitarist, is born in Ouchie, Belgium.

1908. The Children's Act in England makes education compulsory for travelling Gypsy children, but only for half the year. This is continued in the the 1944 Education Act, but many Gypsy children still have no schooling.

1909. Switzerland asks Germany, Italy, France and Austria to exchange information on the movements of Roma across their shared borders, and while this is unsuccessful, the Swiss Department of Justice begins a national register of Roma, based upon the Munich model.

Recommendations coming from a "Gypsy policy conference" in Hungary include the confiscation of their animals and carts, and permanent branding for purposes of identification.

1912. The French government introduces the carnet anthropométrique, a document containing personal data, including photograph and fingerprints which all Roma are required to carry. This remains in effect until 1970.

1914. A new law prohibits all further immigration of Roma into Sweden. The law is very efficient and Roma in Sweden are isolated from their relatives in other European countries. The law remains in effect until 1954. Norway and Denmark have similar laws during the same period.

Norway gives some thirty Roma Norwegian nationality.

1918. In Holland, the Caravan and House Boat Law introduces controls over the movements of nomads.

1919. Article 108 of the National Constitution of the Weimar Republic guarantees Roma and Sinti full and equal citizenship rights, but these are not heeded.

In Bulgaria, the Romani organisation Istiqbal (Future) is founded.

1920. On July 27th, the Minister of Public Welfare in Düsseldorf forbids Roma and Sinti from entering any public washing or recreational facilities (swimming pools, public baths, spas, parks).

In Germany, psychiatrist Karl Binding and magistrate Alfred Hoche argue for the killing of those who are "Ballastexistenzen," i.e. whose lives are seen merely as ballast, or dead weight, within humanity; this includes Roma. The concept of Lebensunwertesleben, or "lives unworthy (or undeserving) of life," becomes central to Nazi race policy in 1933, when a law incorporating this same phrase is issued by Hitler on July 14th that year.

1921. The new Czechoslovak Republic recognises Roma as a separate "nationality." This legislation is later repealed.

1922. In Baden, requirements are introduced that all Roma and Sinti be photographed and fingerprinted, and have documents completed on them.

1923. In Bulgaria, the Romani journal Istiqbal (Future) commences publication.

1924. In Slovakia, a group of Roma are tried for cannibalism. They are found innocent.

1925. The Soviet Romani Writers' Association in the Soviet Union is founded, then suppressed.

A conference is held on the Gypsy question, at which Bavaria proposes a law to compulsorily settle Roma and Sinti, and to incarcerate those not regularly employed (referred to as arbeitscheu or "work shy") to work camps for up to two years, for reasons of "public security." This applies equally to settled and non-settled Roma.

1926. The Swiss Pro Juventute Foundation begins, "in keeping with the theories of eugenics and progress," to take children away from Roma without their consent, to change their names, and to put them into foster homes. This program continues until 1973, and is not brought to light until the 1980s. Switzerland has apologized to the Roma, but adamantly refuses to allow them access to the records which will help them locate the children taken from them.

On July 16th, The Bavarian "Law for Combatting Gypsies, Vagabonds and Idlers" proposed at the 1925 conference is passed. It is justified in the legislative assembly thus: "[Gypsies] are by nature opposed to all work, and find it especially difficult to tolerate any restriction of their nomadic life; nothing, therefore, hits them harder than loss of liberty, coupled with forced labor." The law requires the registration of all Roma and Sinti, settled or not, with the police, registry office and unemployment agency in each district. Bavarian State Counselor Hermann Reich praises "the enactment of the Gypsy law. . . This law gives the police the legal hold it needs for thorough-going action against this constant danger to the security of the nation."

1927. Steve Kaslov founds the Roma Red Dress Association in the United States; Kaslov meets with President Franklin Roosevelt for support of Romani rights.

In Czechoslovakia, law no.117 prohibits Romani nomadism and bars nomads from "leading the life of Gypsies." Roma identity cards are introduced for. Children under fourteen may be taken from their families and placed in children's homes or with respectable families.

R. L. Turner proves that the phonetics of the Romani language had earlier been linked with the central group of Hindi languages in India.

On November 3rd, a Prussian ministerial decree is issued requiring all Roma to be registered through documentation "in the same manner as individuals being sought by means of wanted posters, witnesses, photographs and fingerprints." Infants are to be fingerprinted, and those over the age of six to carry identity cards bearing their photograph as well. Between November 23rd and 26th, armed raids are carried out by the police on Roma communities throughout Prussia to enforce the decree of November 3rd. Eight thousand are processed as a result.

Bavaria institutes a law forbidding Roma and Sinti to travel in family groups, or to own firearms. Those over sixteen are liable for inprisonment in work camps, while those without proof of Bavarian birth are expelled from Bavaria.

The journal Romani Zorya (Romani Dawn) is founded in Russia and starts publication in 1929.

1928. In Bavaria, an ordinance is approved placing Sinti and Roma under permanent police surveillance. In May, the same law is reissued and reaffirmed. The act is in direct violation of the provisions of the Weimar Constitution.

Professor Hans F. Günther writes that "it was the Gypsies who introduced foreign blood into Europe."

1929. On April 3rd, resulting from the law of 1926, the jurisdiction of the Munich office is extended to include the whole of Germany; the German Criminal Police Commission renames it The Central Office for the Fight Against the Gypsies in Germany. On April 16th and 17th, police departments everywhere are told to send fingerprints and other data on Roma both to this office and to the International Criminology Bureau (Interpol) headquarters in Vienna. Working closely together, they enforce restrictions on travel for Roma without documents, and impose up to two years' detention in "rehabilitation camps" on Roma sixteen years and older.

In the USSR, Nikolai Pankov's book Buti I Dzinaiben (Work and Knowledge) is published.

1930. Michael Kwiek II succeeds his father Gregory as "King of the Gypsies" in Poland and is recognized as such by the Polish government.

In the USSR, the first issue of Nevo Drom (New Way) is published.

The Norwegian journalist Scharfenberg recommends that all Roma be sterilized.

1931. The Moscow Gypsy Theatre (Theatre Romen) is started as a Soviet experiment; it still exists today.

1933. The Uniunea Generala a Romilor din Romania (General Assembly of Roma in Romania) led by Gheorghe Nicolescu holds conference in Bucharest seeking to establish a library, hospital and university for Roma. Also proposed is the creation of a national holiday marking the end of Romani slavery.

Ten days before Hitler is elected Chancellor of The Third Reich on January 30th, officials in Burgenland call for the withdrawal of all civil rights for Roma, and the introduction of clubbing as a punishment.

On May 26th, The Law to Legalize Eugenic Sterilization is introduced by the National Socialists (Nazi Party) in Germany.

On July 14th, Hitler's cabinet passes the law against "lives not deserving of life" (Lebensunwertesleben), called The Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring. It orders sterilization for certain categories of people, "specifically Gypsies and most of the Germans of black color" (called the "Rhineland Bastards," i.e. those resulting from unions between German women and the Senegalese and other African troops brought in from the French colonies to patrol the Ruhr Valley during the First World War, as well as residents in Europe from Germany's ex-colonies in Africa). It also affectes Jews, the disabled, and others seen as "asocial" (social misfits).

The Law for the Revocation of German Citizenship is implemented against Roma without proof of German birth, as well as "Eastern Jews" (nearly 20 percent of all Jews in Germany in 1933).

The Sinto boxer, Johann Trollman, is stripped of his title as light-heavyweight champion of Germany for "racial reasons."

In Romania, the journals Neamul Tiganesc (Gypsy Nation) and Timpul (The Time) are founded.

In Bulgaria, the Romani journal Terbie (Education) starts publication.

The Oberwarth District Prefect in Germany submits a petition demanding that the League of Nations investigate the possibility of establishing a colony for the resettlement of European Gypsies in the Polynesian Islands.

In the week of September 18th - 25th, the Reichsminister for the Interior and Propaganda of Germany calls for the apprehension and arrest of Roma and Sinti, according to the "Law Against Habitual Criminals." Many Roma are sent to concentration camps as a result, and made to do penal labor.

In Latvia, Saint John's Gospel is translated into Romani.

1934. Django Reinhardt forms "The Quintet Hot Club de France" and introduces French "swing jazz" to the world, influencing American jazz entertainers.

Sweden passes a law on sterilization, which becomes harsher in 194l. Anyone, including Roma, seen as leading "a socially undesirable life" are to be sterilised. Allthough the law does not explicitly say so, it suggests that Gypsies and "Tattare" (Norwegian "Wanderer") are not socially desirable and thus must be sterilised to keep the Swedish race clean.

From January onwards, Roma in Germany are selected for transfer to camps for processing, which includes sterilization by injection or castration. Over the next three years, these camps will be established at Dachau, Dieselstrasse, Sachsenhausen, Marzahn and Vennhausen.

On March 23rd, The Law for the Revocation of German Citizenship is reinstituted, and again directed at Roma, Eastern Jews, stateless persons and other "undesirable foreigners."

In July, two laws issued in Nuremburg forbid Germans from marrying "Jews, Negroes and Gypsies."

On September 8th, the Düsseldorf District Administrative Court in Germany prohibits Roma from obtaining licenses allowing them to engage in itinerant trade.

On December 3rd in Berlin and Düsseldorf police ordinances are issued forbidding fortune-telling.

1935. In Yugoslavia, the journal Romano Lil is published.

In May, some five hundred Roma and Sinti are arrested because they are Gypsies, and incarcerated in a camp on Venloerstrasse in Cologne, Germany. This detention center is surrounded by barbed wire and patrolled by armed police.

On September 15th, Roma and Sinti become subject to the restrictions of the National Citizenship Law (the Reichsbürgergesetz) and the Nuremberg Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, which forbids intermarriage or sexual relationships between Aryan and non-Aryan peoples. It states: "A marriage cannot be concluded when the expected result will put the purity of German blood of future generations in danger." A policy statement issued by the Nazi Party reads "In Europe generally, only Jews and Gypsies come under consideration as members of an alien people." Gypsies, Jews and Blacks are considered "racially distinctive" minorities with "alien blood." On September 17th, the National Citizenship Law relegates Jews and Roma to the status of second class citizens, and deprives them of their civil rights.

On November 26th, the Central Reich Bureau and the Prussian Ministry of the Interior circulate an order to local vital statistics registration offices throughout Germany, prohibiting mixed marriages, specifically between "Gypsies, Black people, and their bastard offspring."

In December all Roma in the town of Gelsenkirchen, Germany are incarcerated in camps on Crangerstraße and Reginenstraße, which are patrolled by the police, armed soldiers and dogs.

1936. On March 4th, a memorandum to the State Secretary of the Interior, Hans Pfundtner, addresses the creation of a national Gypsy law (Reichzigeunergesetz), the purpose of which is to deal with the complete registration of the Romani population, their sterilization, the restriction on their movement and means of livelihood, and the expulsion of all foreign-born and stateless Roma.

On March 7th, Gypsies and Jews both have their voting rights taken from them.

On March 20th, "action against the Gypsies" is instituted in Frankfurt am Main, when the City Council votes to put all Roma into an internment camp. The camp, on Dieselstrasse, is selected on September 22nd this year, and arrests and internment begin a year later.

In June, the main Nazi institution to deal with Roma, the Racial Hygiene and Criminal Biology and Research Unit (which is Department 13 of the National Ministry of Health) is established under the directorship of Dr. Robert Ritter at Berlin-Dahlem. The National Interior Ministry supervises this entire project, partially funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemainschaft (the German Research Foundation). Its expressed purpose is to determine whether the Romani people and the Afro-Europeans are Aryans or sub-humans (Untermenschen). By early 1942, Ritter has documented the genealogy of almost the entire German Roma and Sinti population.

On June 5th, a circular issued by the National and the Prussian Ministries of the Interior instructs police to renew their efforts to "fight against the Gypsy plague." Information about Roma should no longer be sent to Vienna, but to the Munich Centre for the Fight Against the Gypsy Nuisance.

On June 6th, the same ministries release a second circular, signed by Himmler which states that "Gypsies live by theft, lying and begging, and are a plague ... It will be difficult for Gypsies to get used to an orderly, civilized way of life." Also on this day, a decree issued by the National and Prussian Ministry of the Interior brings into existence the Central Office to Combat the Gypsy Menace. This office in Munich becomes the headquarters of a national data bank on Gypsies, and represents all German police agencies together with the Interpol International Center in Vienna. Interpol is located in the police headquarters on Roßauerlände in Vienna.

In June and July, several hundred Roma and Sinti are transported to Dachau by order of the Minister of the Interior as "dependents of the Munich Centre for the Fight Against the Gypsy Nuisance." Attempts to escape are punishable by death.

In Bavaria, a deportation decree sends 400 Roma and Sinti to Dachau for forced labor.

In this year, Dr. Hans Globke, Head of Service for the Ministry of the Interior for the Third Reich, who serves on the panel on racial legislation, declares that "in Europe, only Jews and Gypsies are of foreign blood," while race hygienist Dr. Robert Körber writes in Volk und Staat that "The Jews and the Gypsies are today remote from us because of their Asiatic ancestry, just as ours is Nordic." This sentiment is reiterated by Dr. E. Brandis, who writes that "only the Gypsies are to be considered as an alien people in Europe (beside the Jews)."

Dr. Claus Eichen publishes his book Raßenwahn: Briefe über die Raßenfrage (Delusions of race: Notes on the race question) in which he justifies sterilization of "asocial" and "criminal" elements in German society.

Interpol in Vienna establishes the Centre for Combatting the Gypsy Menace, which has grown out of the earlier Bureau of Gypsy Affairs.

In Leipzig, Martin Block publishes his general study of Gypsies, and justifies Nazi racist attitudes by speaking of the "nauseating Gypsy smell," and the "involuntary feeling of mistrust or repulsion one feels in their presence."

In Berlin, Roma and Sinti are cleared off the streets away from public view because of the upcoming Olympic games. Fifty years later, the police in Spain do the same thing in preparation for the Olympic Games in Madrid.

1937. An editorial in the Hamburger Tagblatt in August by Georg Nawrocki, takes the Weimar Republic to task for its lenient attitude towards Roma and Sinti: "It was in keeping with the inner weakness and mendacity of the Weimar Republic that it showed no instinct for tackling the Gypsy question. For it, the Sinti were a criminal concern at best -- we, on the other hand, see the Gypsy question above all as a racial problem, which must be solved, and which is being solved." .

On August 18th, Roma and Sinti in Frankfurt are arrested and incarcerated in the Dieselstrasse camp.

1938. On June 12-18, Zigeuneraufrämungswoche, "Gypsy Clean-up Week," is in effect, and hundreds of Roma and Sinti throughout Germany and Austria are rounded up, beaten and imprisoned. This is the third such public action by the German state. Like Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or the "Night of Broken Glass" on November 9th this same year) for the Jews, it is a public sanctioning and approval of the official attitude towards members of an "inferior race."

On March 16th, Roma and Sinti are no longer allowed to vote in Germany. After March 23rd, Jews are also no longer allowed to vote.

Heinrich Himmler issues a decree entitled Bekämpfung der Zigeunerplage stating that Gypsies of mixed blood are the most predisposed to criminality, and that police departments should systematically send data on Roma and Sinti in their areas to the Reich Central Office.

In the USSR, Joseph Stalin bans the Romani language and culture.

1939. In Greece, the Panhellenic Cultural Association of Greek Gypsies is formed.

1939-45. Second World War. Nazis draw up lists of English Gypsies for internment. British government creates caravan sites for families of Gypsies in the army or doing farm labour. These sites are closed after the war.

1940. Robert Ritter publishes a report in which he states that "we have been able to establish that more than 90% of the so-called 'native' [i.e. German-born] Gypsies are of mixed blood ... Furthermore, the results of our investigations have allowed us to characterize the Gypsies as being a people of entirely primitive ethnological origins, whose mental backwardness makes them incapable of real social adaptation ... The Gypsy question can only be solved when the main body of asocial and worthless Gypsy individuals of mixed blood is collected together in large labor camps and kept working there, and when the further breeding of this population of mixed blood is permanently stopped."

The French government opens internment camps for nomads.

In Austria, internment camps are built at Maxglan, Slazburg, and Lackenbach.

At Buchenwald, 250 Romani children are used as guinea-pigs to test the Zyklon-B gas crystals.

1941. In August, Heinrich Himmler issues a decree in Germany stating the criteria for racial and biological evaluation. An individual's Gypsy genealogy is to be investigated over three generations (compared to two generations for one's Jewish genealogy). He implements a system of classification based on degree of Romani genetic descent: means "pure Gypsy," means more than half Gypsy, means half Gypsy, means less than half Gypsy and means non-Gypsy. Having two great-grandparents who were even only part-Gypsy (i.e. if one were of 25 percent or less Roma ancestry) counts as .

In Germany, Romani children are excluded from schools.

In Poland, a Gypsy camp is set up in the Jewish ghetto of Lodz for 5.000 inmates.

In Croatia, the Jasenovac concentration camp is opened.

In Serbia, the German Military Command orders that all Gypsies will be treated as Jews. In November, it further orders the immediate arrest of all Gypsies and Jews, who are to be held as hostages.

All Sinti Gypsy families living in the Volga Republic are deported to Kazakhstan.

In September, an SS Task Force carries out mass executions of Roma and Jews in the Baby Yar valley of the Ukraine.

In Yugoslavia in October, the German army executes 2.100 Jewish and Gypsy hostages as reprisal for soldiers killed by partisans.

1942. Heinrich Himmler issues the order to deport the Gypsies in Greater Germany to the concentration camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau.

In Poland, all Gypsies from the Lodz ghtetto are transported and gassed at Chelmo.

1943. In March, Robert Ritter announces the completion of his work on classifying Gypsies to the German Association for Research, saying "The registration of Gypsies and part-Gypsies has been completed, roughly as planned, in the Old Reich [pre-war Germany] and in the Ostmark [Austria], despite all of the difficulties engendered by the War. Our studies are still in progress in the annexed territories ... The number of cases clarified from the racial and biological perspective is 21,498 at the present time." Ten months later their figures increase to 23,822.

Nazi leader Himmler orders all Gypsy camps closed, resulting in the liquidation of the Romani prisoners.

1944. Zigeunernacht, literally, Gypsy Night. On August 2, four thousand Roma are gassed and cremated in a single action at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

In Slovakia, Roma join the fight of partisans in the Slovak National Uprising.

1933-45. O Porraimos, the Great Devouring. Up to 1,500,000 Sinti and Roma are killed in Europe by the Nazi regime and its puppet states. Determining the percentage or number of Roma who died in the Holocaust is not easy. Much of the Nazi documentation still remains to be analyzed, and many murders were not recorded, since they took place in the fields and forests where Roma were apprehended.

1945. In Bulgaria, the Romani Organisation for the Fight against Fascism and Racism is established.

1945-60. Gypsies begin to use motor-drawn trailers, and buy land for their own stopping-places in England.

1946. In France, Mateo Maximoff's novel The Ursitory is published.

In Poland, the Roma Ensemble is founded.

1947. Teatr Roma (Theater Roma) is established in Sofia, Bulgaria. It closes four years later.

1950. The first published poems of Bronislawa Wajs, a Romni poetess and singer from Poland, known as "Papusza," appear in Problemy magazine.

1950s. In Germany, the Verband Deutscher Sinti (Association of German Sinti) and the Zentralrat Deutscher Sinti und Roma (Central Council of German Sinti and Roma) are founded to further reparation claims from World War II, and later to pursue equal civil and social rights.

1950-1967. In the Cologne region of Germany, identity papers given to survivors of the Nazi concentration camps are withdrawn from Sinti and Roma on the grounds that they could provide no written proof of their German nationality.

1952. The Romani Evangelical Church movement is started in Britanny, France under the leadership of Clément Le Cossec.

1953. In Denmark, Roma are readmitted to the country.

1954. Police authorities in Bavaria set up a special office, in conjunction with Interpol, for registering Sinti and Roma.

1955. Matéo Maximoff, a Kalderash Rom, writes the novel Le Prix de la Liberté (The Price of Freedom), dealing with the dying days of Romani slavery; Maximoff's own grandfather was born into slavery in Romania.

1958. In Czechoslovakia, law no.74 bans nomadism. To enforce this policy, police kill all caravan horses and remove the wheels from their waggons. To remain a nomad is punishable by prison terms of six months to three years.

Bulgaria attempts an assimilation campaign by issuing a decree that prohibits Roma from travelling. Local councils are enjoined to channel them into factories and cooperative farms. This campaign will last for thirty years.

1959. Zohri Muller founds the organisation Pro Tzigania Svizzera in Switzerland.

The World Gypsy Community (CMG) is founded in Paris by Ionel Rotaru. The CMG includes Rom, Manush, and Kalé from France, with contacts in Poland, Canada, Turkey, and other countries.

1960. The Caravan Sites (Control of Development) Act in England stops new private sites being built until 1972. Eviction and harassment of Gypsies starts to reach a crisis.

1962. The National Association of Gypsies in France is founded.

In the Federal Republic of Germany, courts rule that Roma were persecuted for racial reasons.

1963. In Italy, the Opera Nomadi education scheme is set up.

1964. Poland approves settlement laws aimed at forcing Roma to become sedentary. Those who fail to observe these laws are expelled from the country and stripped of their citizenship.

1965. The French government issues a decree dissolving the World Gypsy Community (CMG). A group of the CMG leadership splinters off and forms the International Gypsy Committee, headed by Vanko Rouda.

In Slovakia, Roma are to be cleared and dispersed to Czech areas with fewer Roma. Roma deported under this plan either return to where they came from or are followed by their extended families, creating new concentrations of Roma, creating new government problems.

Pope Paul VI addresses some 2,000 Roma at Pomezia, Italy.

1966. Growing eviction and harassment leads to the formation of the British Gypsy Council to fight for sites.

1967. The Association of Gypsies of Finland is founded.

First Gypsy Council summer school, in Essex, England.

1968. The Caravan Sites Act insists that from 1970, local authorities should provide caravan sites for Gypsies in England. This Act is never fully enforced, and is later abolished.

Czechoslovakia abandons plans after years of failure to disperse Roma throughout Czech lands.

Rudolf Karway, President of the Zigeunermission, a civil rights movement based in Hamburg, leads a delegation to the Council of Europe's Human Rights Commission in Strasbourg, France.

1969. Miroslav Holomek becomes the head of the Union of Roma in Czechoslovakia. The Union of Roma is later banned by the Czechoslovak government in 1973. Miroslav's brother Tomas Holomek, a former parliament member, is the first Roma lawyer in Czechoslovakia.

In Bulgaria, segregated schools are set up for Roma.

Abdi Faik of Macedonia is elected to the Yugoslavian parliament.

1970. The National Gypsy Education Council is formed in England.

1971. The First World Romani Congress is held in London with delegates from fourteen countries. An international Romani flag, anthem and motto are formally approved. The term Rom is adopted as a self-appellation. Five commissions are set up dealing with social affairs, education, war crimes, language and culture.

The International Gypsy Committee is renamed the Komiteto Lumniako Romano (International Rom Committee) at the First World Romani Congress in London. Vanko Rouda is confirmed as president.

1972. The International Romani Union becomes a member of The Council of Europe.

In Sweden, the Finska Zigenarförening (Association of Finnish Gypsies) is established in Stockholm.

In France, the National Committee of Travellers is founded.

The British government begins to exempt some councils from building sites for caravans. The Gypsy Council begins to split. The government starts to give grants only to Gypsy organisations who cooperate with it.

In Czechoslovakia, a sterilisation programme for Roma begins.

1973. The Nordic Rom Council is formed representing the interests of Roma in the Scandinavian countries.

The Communist government bans Romani associations in Czechoslovakia on the grounds that Roma are not a recognised national minority and that they "failed to fulfill their integrative function."

Radio broadcasts in Romani start from Tetovo, Macedonia in Yugoslavia.

1974. The Association of Travellers in Switzerland is established.

1975. A law is passed in Belgium making it possible for Roma born in Belgium to acquire citizenship.

In Hungary, the first issues of the magazine Rom Som (I am Roma) appear.

1976. The first Roma Festival is held at Chandigarh, India. Mrs. Indira Gandhi pledges support for the demand that Roma be recognised as a national minority of Indian origin.

The Czechoslovakian newspaper Vychodoslovenske Noviny publishes the official text of government plans for compulsory sterilisation of Roma as an act of "socialistic humanity."

Sweden passes a parlimentary decision giving the State Immigration Authority responsibility for programs aimed at rehabilitating Roma socially and medically, and for providing housing for Roma in Sweden who had earlier been living under harsh conditions.

1978. In Italy, the Komiteto Romano ande Italia (National Roma Committee) is formed.

The Second World Romani Congress in Geneva renames the International Rom Committee to the Romano Internacionalno Jekhetani Union. The Congress is attended by some 120 delegates and observers from 26 countries. India is strongly represented.

1979. The International Romani Union is given consultative status at the United Nations Social and Economic Commission (UNESCO).

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is founded by President Carter. There is no Romani representation on the 65-member Holocaust Memorial Council.

In Hungary, the first exhibition of self-taught Roma artists is held.

In Norway, an ABC Romani primer is published for mother tongue teaching.

In Romania, Saint John's Gospel appears in Romani from an underground publisher.

1980. The Nasa Kniga publishing house of Skopje, Yugoslavia prints the first book of Romani grammar written entirely in the Romani script and orthography. The original printing of 3,000 copies sells out quickly.

The Union of Gypsies and Travellers in France is established.

1981. The Third World Romani Congress held in Göttingen, Germany. It is attended by some 600 delegates and observers from twenty-eight countries. It supports the demand that Roma be recognised as a national minority of Indian origin. The fate of the Roma under the Nazis dominates the discussions.

Chancellor Schmidt of West Germany meets with Roma and Sinti representatives led by Romani Rose. The Bonn government officially recognises that Roma and Sinti had been targets of racial persecution by the Nazis.

In Yugoslavia, Roma are granted national status on an equal footing with other minorities.

1982. The organisation Comili International Rom holds a ceremony commemorating the 125th anniversary of the abolition of Romani slavery in Europe.

In France, the newly elected Mitterand government promises to help nomads.

1983. The Second International Roma Festival is held at Chandigarh, India.

The first national Gypsy Pentecostal Convention is held in England.

1985. The post of Special Advisor on Holocaust-related Gypsy Matters to the United States Holocaust Memorial Council is created; however the post is considered largely an "honourary" position.

Phralipé (Brotherhood) is founded in Romania. It is the first Roma organisation in nearly fifty years established with official government approval.

In France, the First International Exhibition (Mondiale) of Gypsy Art is held in Paris.

1986. The International Romani Union becomes a member of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).

The United States Romani Council is formed.

The International Romani Symposium is held at Sarajevo. It supports the demand that Roma be recognised as a national minority of Indian origin.

The musical drama Amaro Drom (Our Road) by Rom playwright Emile Scuka becomes only the second play in the Romani language ever to be staged in Czechoslovakia.

1987. The United States Holocaust Memorial Council appoints its first Rom member, William Duna, seven years after its creation.

1989. The European Union starts a five-year programme for the education of Romani children.

In Poland, the first Romane Divesa festival of dance and music is held.

The collapse of Communism in Europe marks the beginning of the Third European Diaspora of the Roma, according to some scholars. Racially-motivated violence against Roma increases.

In Germany, Roma protestors demonstrate in the former concentration camp at Neuengamme against the deportation of asylum seekers.

1990. The Fourth World Romani Congress held in Serock, Poland. In attendance are some 250 delegates. Among the programmes discussed are reparations from World War II, education, culture, public relations, language, and a Romani encyclopedia, written in Romanes, not about Roma, but for Roma.

The International Romani Union is awarded membership in the European Conference on Security and Cooperation.

In Poland, the journal Rrom p-o Drom (Roma on the Road) is founded.

1991. The National Gypsy Education Council in England is renamed the Gypsy Council for Education, Culture, Welfare and Civil Rights (GCECWCR).

Romani teaching starts at Prague University, Czech Republic.

In Macedonia, Roma are accorded equal rights in the new republic.

1992. The Theatre Romathan (Romano Teatro) opens in Kosice, Slovakia.

The United Nations Commission on Human Rights passes a resolution on the protection of Roma.

1993. In Macedonia, the use of the Romani language in schools is officially introduced.

In Austria, indigenous Roma are recognised as an ethnic group.

In Scotland, the Scottish Gypsy Traveller Association is established.

The International Romani Union petitions for and receives promotion to Category II, Special Consultative Status at the United Nations.

1994. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act abolishes the Caravan Sites Act leaving about 5,000 families with no legal home. British Gypsies look to Europe for protection.

In Hungary, the Budapest OSCE establishes the Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues, to be based initially in Warsaw.

In France, at a meeting in Strasbourg, the Standing Conference of Romani Associations is formed.

A proposal to teach Israeli high school students about the murder of Roma by the Nazis draws loud protests, especially from Yad Vashem, Israel's national Holocaust memorial. Critics say the curriculum, titled "Sensitivity to Suffering in the World," would blur the uniqueness of the Holocaust.

1995. The writer, Philomina Franz, a World War II concentration camp survivor, is awarded the German Federal Cross for Merits, the highest civil award which Germany confers. She is the first Sinti awarded the prize for her "activities endeavouring after understanding and conciliation."

In the United States, the first national conference on the Porrajmos (Romani Holocaust) is held at Drew University.

The Union of Romani Political Parties is formed in Slovakia.

In France, the Second International Exhibition (Mondiale) of Gypsy Art is held in Paris.

1996. The European Roma Rights Centre is set up in Budapest, Hungary.

Five thousand Roma are evicted from the Selamsiz quarter of Istanbul, Turkey.

In Spain, the Romani Union's second "Sarajevo" Peace Conference is held in Vittoria.

1997. On May 4th, Pope John Paul II beatifies Ceferino Jimenez Malla, also known as El Pele. The Blessed Ceferino Jimenez Malla was martyred for his faith in August 1936 at the age of 75 when he was shot by a Spanish Republican firing squad. El Pele becomes the first Gypsy elevated to beatification in the history of the Catholic Church. Beatification is the first step required for sainthood.

In Germany, President Herzog visits the Romani Holocaust Exhibition in Heidelberg.

In Romania, a conference is held in Bucharest on the Prevention of Violence and Discrimination against Roma in Europe.

In Spain, the first European Congress of Romani Youth is held in Barcelona.

Ian Hancock receives the Thorolf Rafto Prize for Human Rights on behalf of the Romani people. Later that year, he is appointed by U.S. President Clinton as the only Romani representative on the 65-member U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council. He becomes only the second Romani representative on the Council in the USHMC's 17-year history.

In England, Romani refugees from the Slovak Republic arrive in Dover seeking asylum and receive mainly negative reactions and scepticism from local residents and the national news media.

1998. In the United States, New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman signs into law Assembly Bill 2654, repealing that state's anti-Roma law adopted in 1917. Governor Whitman's signature effectively rescinds the last anti-Roma law on the books of any American state.

Sources:

Acton, Thomas. Surviving Peoples: Gypsies (Morristown, N.J.: Silver Burdett, 1982)

Acton, Thomas and Gallant, David. Threatened Cultures: Romanichal Gypsies (East Sussex: Wayland Publishers, 1997).

Crowe, David M. A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1996).

Crowe, David M. & Kolsti, John (eds.). The Gypsies of Eastern Europe (Armonk, NY; E.C. Sharpe Publishers, 1989).

Ficowski, Jerzy. The Gypsies in Poland: History and Customs, translated by Eileen Healey (Warsaw: Interpress, 1991)

Fings, Karola and Heuss, Herbert and Sparing, Frank. From "Race Science" to the Camps: the Gypsies during the Second World War (Hertfordshire Press, 1997).

Fraser, Angus. The Gypsies (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992).

Hancock, Ian. The Pariah Syndrome: An Account of Gypsy Slavery and Persecution (Ann Arbor: Karoma, 1987).

Hancock, Ian and Dowd, Siobham and Djuric, Rajko, editors. The Roads of the Roma: a PEN Anthology of Gypsy Writers (Herfordshire Press, 1998).

Kenrick, Donald, and Puxon, Grattan. Gypsies under the Swastika (Hertfordshire: Hertfordshire Press, 1995).

Kenrick, Donald, and Taylor, Gillian. Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) (Scarecrow Press, 1998).

Liegeois, Jean-Paul. Gypsies, An Illustrated History, abridged English translation (London: Al Saqi Books, 1986).

Puxon, Grattan. Roma: Europe's Gypsies. (Minority Rights Group, 1987).

《沉睡的吉普赛人》（“The Sleeping Gypsy”）

2008-10-27T12:55:00.000+08:00

圆月，星空，神秘浩瀚的荒漠，身着彩衣的吉普赛女人，身边有她常用的乐器和水瓶，她好似睡着了。一头雄狮正在轻嗅着她，画面没有杀念，只有满纸的宁静和关怀。

卢梭的画法十分天真朴拙，整体色彩深远幽暗，然而远处的群山，狮子的脊背，以及吉普赛女人的彩衣都镀上了一层神秘的月光。事实上，狮子和吉普赛人之间这种宁静祥和的关系，是不是这神秘的圆月造成的？

整个画面是这样的美，这样的寂寞，又是这样的令人心如止水。然而虽然寂寞，内心却倍感温暖。因着那画法的稚朴单纯，反而又透出一种不可思议的非现实感。真是矛盾，可是也真是美。

卢梭的生平是个出身贫苦，自学成才的画家，和一生富足优裕的巴尔蒂斯完全不可同日而语。他曾在军中服役，也参加过普法战争。他做过文员，却因受骗而被解雇，最后只落得以在酒吧演奏为生。虽然画作才华横溢，在当时的法国画坛却很少有人赏识，甚至使得他受尽世人的奚落和嘲笑。

然而从他的作品中，我们却能找到那个真实的卢梭，那个完全不为外界压倒，仍然对人生充满热爱，对自己满怀信心的卢梭。据他本人的自述，画上的景象是他当年从军时的追忆。他曾被派往北非，经过一片荒无人烟的旷野。在他的印象中，一具吉普赛流浪艺人的女尸，僵直地躺在沙漠中，身旁有艺人所用的乐器和生活用品。然而在其后的创作中，卢梭将凄凉的女尸变为沉睡的女人，并在她身边加入一头狮子。我相信，只有有着一颗天真烂漫的心的画家，才能创造出雄狮和沉睡的吉普赛人这样奇异美好的相遇.

(一副画的完成，永远不应当是它的终结。总应该给人们留下点可以品味思考的余地。。。)

香烟婶

2008-10-10T11:22:00.000+08:00

老槟城熟悉的传奇母亲　香烟婶逝世

■ 年轻时的“香烟婶”黄糠的照片

（转载自光华日报）

相信久居槟城者，纵未听过黄糠这个名字，也曾见过这位每天在烈日当空下提着一个竹篮在街头巷尾兜售香烟的阿婆。她的一生，可说是历尽沧桑。”

平铺直叙、词句通顺，这一篇登于1988年《光华日报》的《历尽沧桑一母亲》，从字面上观察就像是骆宝珠以局外人撰写一名母亲的故事。然而，当71岁的骆宝珠在侃侃而谈母亲黄糠的生平往事时，那种思母之情的自然流露，还是叫人不尽一阵心酸，仿佛感同身受。

人称“打铁街香烟婶”的黄糠，于周二（农历九月初九）上午9时在住家安祥去世，享年93。

16 岁出嫁，21岁随夫从中国惠安南来。来马不及5年，与香烟婶同龄的丈夫骆如磋就不幸患上肠热病病逝，遗下一对嗷嗷待哺的儿女及年老待奉养的家翁家婆。这对一名弱女子是如此沉重的打击，但坚强的香烟婶并没有向命运低头，反而咬紧牙关，毅然挑起所有的生活重担，继续带领全家一步步迎向未来的生活挑战。

干尽粗活养子女

一名在经济上毫无依靠的女子，该如何在经济及社会风气封闭的50年代挑起全数家计的重担？香烟婶曾在天未亮就赤足下菜园耕作、在码头扛米、当过水泥匠等，无一粗重的工作是香烟婶不曾做过的。而最令人津津乐道的，就是香烟婶那将近40年的卖香烟生涯。

走遍大街小巷

“母亲很刻苦耐劳，常常为了省起买鞋子的钱而赤足在烈日当空下到处兜售香烟；饮食更是以节省为准，三餐不外是清粥菜心。她从我们当时住的沓田仔街走到日本横街、头条路、二条路、中路、安顺路等，几乎走遍了乔治市的大街小巷，只为了多卖出几盒盈利微薄的香烟，多赚几分钱。”

老街坊无一不识

说起母亲辛苦工作挣钱养家的事迹，骆宝珠一度哽咽。后来迁至打铁街居住的香烟婶，因为长年累月在街头小巷兜售香烟，久居槟岛的老街坊们对她无一不识，其中不乏高官达人及社会闻人，以及位于海墘旧社址的《光华日报》上下员工。后来，众人更是亲切的以“打铁街香烟婶”来称呼她。

除了售卖香烟，香烟婶也兼卖一张50仙的福利彩票。据老街坊回忆，经往香烟婶售出的彩票曾开过数次大奖，甚至吸引了远自新加坡而来的人们向她买彩票。因此，不需要特别向路人兜售，其彩票一定日日售罄。

1万积储悉数捐南华医院

虽然她做的只是小本生意，赚的是蝇头小利；尽管在最穷困的时候，也未曾受过别人的施舍和恩惠。对于慈善公益，香烟婶却从不落人后。

多年来的克勤克俭，香烟婶累积了不少的积储。1979年，她将1万令吉的血汗钱捐给南华医院充创院基金，曾捐款给盲人院及老人院等，也曾借钱给友人，但不收利息。骆宝珠在《历尽沧桑一母亲》一文中，就这样形容母亲：“都是值得褒扬颂赞及作为他人楷模的事迹”。

就像是忆起了什么，骆宝珠提到了母亲的遗言。话还未说出口，她就不禁哽咽，一度悲伤得无法言语。

“母亲在生前常对我说她很感恩，早年父亲过世的时候曾接受了很多帛金，她希望在自己百年之后完全不收帛金，并表示希望有意给帛金的亲朋好友，捐献给真正有需要的机构，如一些慈善机构。”

充当房屋“中介”　当月老牵红线

香烟婶除了刻苦勤奋，其秉承中国传统礼教观念而守寡多年，以及那份发自内心的助人心态，引发了众人在同情之外，也非常尊重与敬仰老人家。骆宝珠不排除有些街坊跟母亲购买香烟，不是因为本身的需求，而是出于以实际的行动来支持与协助香烟婶。

骆宝珠回忆说，母亲的乐于助人并不局限于举手之劳的协助，也包括了房子之间的租售，以及美好姻缘的撮合。

据知，若香烟婶听闻向她购买香烟的顾客有意出租或出售房子，或是欲购买或租房子，她会尽量协助介绍双方认识，并进行协调，类似如今的房屋中介。然而，即使是谈成一笔交易，她却分文不收；常常是人家不好意思，主动购买饼乾食品或软硬兼施的塞入红包充当佣金。

此外，香烟婶另一令人印象深刻的角色是“媒人”。香烟婶在有生之年，曾撮合了不少美好的姻缘，其中包括了本地慈善闻人的千金，在当时一时传为佳话。询及究竟撮合了多少对姻缘？骆宝珠回答说，至少有20来对吧。而这对于当时年纪尚小的她来说，留下的回忆是“吃猪脚吃到怕”，因为“成功促成姻缘的男女方都会各送猪脚”，以表满心诚意的谢意。

晚年患风湿　渐无法行走

对母亲含辛茹苦的抚养与栽培，骆宝珠绝对铭记在心。因此年幼时期就非常乖巧听话，毕业后负笈台湾师范大学，回国后任职银行界。惟，她唯一的弟弟（骆介民）却不幸在正值壮年的时候病逝，使母亲当时痛不欲生。

“母亲是很坚强的传统女性，生性乐观，乐于助人，但负面情绪却深埋内心，不让人知。近几年来身边的友人相继去世，她常会很感慨的说‘为什么我还找不到回归路？’。”

由于长年累月远途的行走，香烟婶患上了风湿。晚年更因风湿频频发作而逐渐无法行走，也才结束了将近40年的卖香烟生涯。近4、5年来也因为年纪逐渐增长，除了行动不便，言语也开始含糊不清。

最先進的科技產物─ 環保酵素～植酸分解酵素

2008-10-07T12:30:00.000+08:00

環保(垃圾)酵素的用法

環保(垃圾)酵素發酵三個月後，取出溶液裝在玻璃或塑膠容器中稱之為酵素溶液，酵素溶液有多種用途，一般家庭使用最廣泛的就是清潔劑，因為清潔劑會造成環境汙染，所以借助酵素強大的分解功能，我們用 1 [清潔劑]: 1[酵素溶液] : 10[水] 的比例，可以將一份清潔劑泡成12倍的酵素清潔劑，來取代原來的清潔劑，大大的減少了清潔劑的使用量，又可以享用到酵素的諸多功效，除了強大的分解污垢的功能，酵素還有對皮膚的美白功能，殺菌功能，以及營養功能，對於皮膚不好或掉髮問題甚至禿頭均有幫助。

舉凡家中使用液狀的清潔劑，譬如沐浴精、洗髮精、洗碗精，洗衣精，均可依此比例配置，變成酵素清潔劑。

也可以將酵素溶液以一湯匙1000cc水的比例來浸泡水果蔬菜[45分鐘]來清除農藥及其他殘餘化學肥料的汙染，泡過的稀釋溶液可以倒入馬桶[清潔汙垢並延長化糞池壽命]或拿去澆花，家中開過花的九重葛開過花謝掉以後，連葉子都快枯了，澆了幾次[兩三天一次]洗菜後的酵素稀釋液，竟然長出新的花苞，重新盛開，可見其對植物的營養功效。

以下簡列溫醫師提供的使用配方：
環保(垃圾)酵素的用法

1.酵素加水稀釋後會更強。

2.酵素肥料─1cc酵素: 100cc水

3.酵素殺蟲劑(昆蟲) ─ 1cc酵素: 1000cc水

4.酵素空氣清新劑─1cc酵素: 200cc水

5.種植、栽培花草、水果─1cc酵素: 500cc水

6.消毒用─1cc酵素: 500cc水

7.洗髪液，沐浴露，洗衣液，洗碗用─ 1酵素: 1洗潔液: 10 水

環保酵素製作“秘方”

以下摘自《大家健康》雜誌 http://longlife.lifepub.com.my/index.php?ch=8&pg=20&ac=1142

來自泰國的樂素昆博士(Dr Rosukon)研究酵素30餘年，成功研究出環保酵素(也稱垃圾酵素，Garbage Enzyme)。
環保酵素就是利用菜渣、果皮等鮮垃圾製成的，不但製作過程簡單、製作材料隨手可得、節省金錢、用途廣泛、減少垃圾量，還對環保起著很大的作用。在馬來西亞，我們也發現到兩位極力推廣環保酵素的環保達人，他們是來自檳城的溫秀枝醫師（Dr Joean Oon)及泰國的嗎哈老師（Mr। Mahaprajuap），他們兩位皆到樂素昆博士的健康之家（Health Farm)學習，並致力於到世界各地推廣環保酵素。通過多方打聽，本刊以第一時間聯絡上這兩位充滿愛心的環保達人，並與他們進行專訪，將環保酵素的製作過程及種種好處與讀者們分享。

材料：黑糖/黃糖1kg 、鮮垃圾3 kg、水10 litres

備註：蒐集到3kg的鮮垃圾，就必須加入1kg的黑糖及10 litres的水，以此類推。

步驟：
1將蒐集到的鮮垃圾切成小塊，以加速分解過程。
2隨後將鮮垃圾倒進瓷器，陶缸或者塑膠缸裡。切記選用較大的容器製作酵素，以防止在發酵時溢出容器外。
3加入適當比例的黑糖及水，稍微攪拌。
[在家裡用廚餘製作環保效訴時，因為廚餘是每天慢慢累積的，所以必須先將適量的黑糖及水先按比例調好，放入桶中，順時針方向攪拌至完全溶解，然後每天將廚餘加入，直到廚餘的量足夠了，再貼上當日的日期標籤，開始計算滿三個月才可以收成。實際的作法如下，譬如買了一個18公升的桶子，預留4公升空間，所以配方是 1公斤黑糖(假設密度接近1)加10公升水及3公斤的廚餘[1:10:3]，我會先在桶子外面先用奇異筆在11公升和14公升的位置，畫線做刻度記號，先放入1公斤黑糖，然後將水加到11公升的刻度位置攪拌至溶解，然後每天加入廚餘，直到14公升的刻度為止]
4黑糖水需蓋過垃圾，把浮在液面上的垃圾按下去，使其浸泡在液體中。將容器蓋緊，必鬚髮酵至少三個月。

注意事項：
1)鮮垃圾包括剩飯、鮮菜葉、水果皮等準備丟掉的蔬菜或植物，不包括廢紙、塑膠、金屬罐頭與瓶子。
2)製作過程中會有氣體（臭氧）產生，如果使用窄口的容器（如礦泉水瓶），切記每天將瓶口稍微打開，用來卸放氣體（至少每星期卸氣一次，否則瓶子將會被撐破）。如果使用寬口的容器，氣體會自然被擠出，較無上述問題。
3)製作過程中如果發現蒼蠅卵，不必擔心也不必理會，發酵過程將會把它們分解掉，這也說明了環保酵素不會對生物帶來危害。
4)若發現液體表面產生白色、黑色或棕色的微生物，不必理會，讓它繼續發酵。
5)使用蔬菜水果的廚馀而不使用魚、肉等廚馀，是為了使製作出來的酵素味道比較清新。如果希望製作出來的酵素有較好的氣味，可於製作過程中加入橘子皮、檸檬皮及班蘭葉等氣味較好的蔬菜果皮。 [魚肉類或有含油的廚餘可以另外泡製，發酵完成後可以當肥料]
6)若一時無法蒐集到這麼大量的鮮垃圾，可陸續加入鮮垃圾，3個月的期限由最後一次加入鮮垃圾那天算起。
7)製作過程中可加入與黑糖同樣比例的菌母，加速發酵過程。（菌母又稱為菌精，可在有機店買到。） [菌母：黑糖：水：廚餘：== 1 ：1： 10： 3；用熱水可以加速黑糖溶解，若要加菌母必須等溶液溫度降到攝氏40度以下，以免菌母死亡]
8)成功的環保酵素應該呈棕黃色，且有橘子般的刺激氣味[PH值<4]，將製好的環保酵素過濾到瓶子中待用。>
9)環保酵素應置放於空氣流通、陰涼的地方，避免陽光直接照射[溫度攝氏25~50，不可以放冰箱]。

水果是沉底，靜靜地等待被發酵

水果逐漸往上浮

水果幾乎涌上水面，還有水蒸氣，開始排出很多氣（臭氧O 3），需要松開蓋子讓氣排出來

水面上出現一層白色的微生物，罐子也不會再漲氣了
如果微生物是黑色，表示四周的環境、空氣被污染，鼓勵大量制作更多的環保酵素

"1972同学”聚餐会通告

2008-07-17T09:31:00.000+08:00

谨定于4/10/2008星期六晚上七点正假大港海洋酒店举办 "1972同学”聚餐会，收费每人RM100包括酒精饮料，剩余数额将捐献于大港幼稚充作建校基金，敬请踊跃响应。

联络处：
卢顺福 0123692959
卓秀兰 0123813138
谢发清 0126872781

报名截止： 29/09/2008

(请将讯息传送给其他同学，谢谢)

快乐

2008-05-22T11:50:00.000+08:00

遇到你真的愛的人時
要努力爭取和她相伴一生的機會
因為當她離去時.一切都來不及了....

遇到可相信的朋友時
要好好和他相處下去
因為在人的一生中.可遇到知己真的不易

遇到人生中的貴人時
要記得好好感激
因為他是你人生的轉折點

遇到曾經愛過的人時
記得微笑向她感激
因為她是讓你更懂愛的人

遇到曾經恨過的人時
要微笑向他打招呼
因為他讓你更加堅強

遇到曾經背叛你的人時
要跟他好好聊一聊
因為若不是他今天你不會懂這世界

遇到曾經偷偷喜歡的人時
要祝他幸福唷!
因為你喜歡他時.不是希望他幸福快樂嗎？

遇到匆匆離開你人生的人時
要謝謝他走過你的人生
因為他是你精采回憶的一部分

遇到曾經和你有誤會的人時
要趁現在解清誤會
因為你可能只有這一次機會解釋清楚

遇到現在和相伴一生的人
要百分百感謝他愛你
因為你們現在都得到幸福和真愛

My Discovery

2008-05-22T11:32:00.000+08:00

Balance is a word that influenced me almost in every thing. And we all understand that every thing in the universe is the result of balancing!!!

Another word that was interest me is WATER.
Because its neutral!

Never biased to any thing, that's why water allow almost every thing to be together with it.

And It decides the future of almost every organism!!!

人同此心，心同此理

2008-05-16T14:55:00.000+08:00

媳婦說：

「煮淡一點妳就嫌沒有味，現在煮鹹一點妳卻說咽不下，

妳究竟想怎麼樣？」

母親一見兒子回來，二話不說便把飯菜往咀裡送。

她怒瞪他一眼。

他試了一口，馬上吐出來，

兒子說：「我不是說過了嗎，媽有病不能吃太鹹！」

「那好！媽是你的，以後由你來煮！」

媳婦怒氣沖沖地回房。

兒子無奈地輕嘆一聲，然後對母親說：

「媽，別吃了，我去煮個麵給妳。」

「仔，你是不是有話想跟媽說，是就說好了，別憋在心裡！

「媽，公司下個月升我職，我會很忙，

至於老婆，她說很想出來工作，所以 ....」

母親馬上意識到兒子的意思：

「仔，不要送媽去老人院。」

聲音似乎在哀求。

兒子沉默片刻，他是在尋找更好的理由。

「媽，其實老人院並沒有甚麼不好，

妳知道老婆一但工作，

一定沒有時間好好服侍妳。

老人院有吃有住有人服侍照顧，不是比在家裡好得多嗎？」

「可是，阿財叔他 ....」

洗了澡，草草吃了一碗速食麵，兒子便到書房去。

他茫然地佇立於窗前，有些猶豫不決。

母親年輕便守寡，含辛茹苦將他撫養成人，供他出國讀書。

但她從不用年輕時的犧牲當作要脅他孝順的籌碼，

反而是妻子以婚姻要脅他！

真的要讓母親住老人院嗎？

仔問自己，他有些不忍。

「可以陪你下半世的人是你老婆，難道是你媽嗎？」

阿財叔的兒子總是這樣提醒他

「你媽都這麼老了，好命的話可以活多幾年，

為何不趁這幾年好好孝順她呢？

樹欲靜而風不息，子欲養而親不在啊！」

親戚總是這樣勸他。

兒子不敢再想下去，深怕自己真的會改變初衷。

夕晚，太陽收斂起灼熱的金光，躲在山後憩息。

一間建在郊外山崗的一座貴族老人院。

是的，錢用得越多，兒子才心安理得。

當兒子領著母親步入大廳時，

嶄新的電視機，42吋的螢幕正播放著一部喜劇，

但觀眾一點笑聲也沒有。

幾個衣著一樣，髮型一樣的老嫗歪歪斜斜地坐在沙发上，

神情呆滯而有一個老人在自言自語，

有個正緩緩彎下腰，想去撿掉在地上的一塊餅乾吃。

兒子知道母親喜歡光亮，

所以為她選了一間陽光充足的房間。

從窗口望出去，樹蔭下，一片芳草如茵。

幾名護士推著坐在輪椅的老者在夕陽下散步，

四周悄然寂靜得令人心酸。

縱是夕陽無限好，畢竟已到了黃昏，他心中低低嘆息。

「媽，我........我要走了！」

母親只能點頭。

他走時，母親頻頻揮手，

她張著沒有牙的嘴，

蒼白乾燥的咀唇在囁嚅著，一副欲語還休的樣子。

兒子這才注意到母親銀灰色的頭髮，

深陷的眼窩以及打著細紋臉。

母親，真的老了！

他霍然記起一則兒時舊事。

那年他才6歲，母親有事回鄉，不便攜他同行，

於是把他寄住在阿財叔家幾天。

母親臨走時，

他驚恐地抱著母親的腿傷心大聲號哭道：

「媽媽不要丟下我！媽媽不要走！」

最後母親沒有丟下他。

他連忙離開房間，順手把門關上，不敢回頭，

深恐那記憶像鬼魅似地追纏而來。

他回到家，

妻子與岳母正瘋狂的把母親房裡的一切扔個不亦樂乎。

身高3呎的獎杯──

那是他小學作文比賽「我的母親」第1名的勝利品！

華英字典──

那是母親整個月省吃省用所買給他的第一份生日禮物！

還有母親臨睡前要擦的風濕油，

沒有為她擦，帶去老人院又有甚麼意義呢？

「夠了，別再扔了！」兒子怒吼道。

﹝這麼多垃圾，不把它扔掉，怎麼放得下我的東西﹞。

岳母沒好氣地說。

「就是嘛！你趕快把你媽那張爛床給抬出去，

我明天要為我媽添張新的！」

一堆童年的照片展現在兒子眼前，

那是母親帶他到動物園和遊樂園拍的照片。

「它們是我媽的財產，一樣也不能丟！」

「你這算甚態度？對我媽這麼大聲，我要你向我媽道歉！」

「我娶妳就要愛妳的母親，

為甚麼妳嫁給我就不能愛我的母親？」

雨後的黑夜分外冷寂，街道蕭瑟，行人車輛格外稀少。

一輛寶馬在路上飛馳，頻頻闖紅燈，陷黃格，

呼一聲又飛馳而過。

那輛轎車一路奔往山崗上的那間老人院，

停車直奔上樓，推開母親臥房的門。

他幽靈似地站著，母親正撫摸著風濕痛的雙腿低泣。

她見到兒子手中正拿著那瓶風濕油，

顯然感到安慰的說：

「媽忘了帶，幸好你拿來！ 」

他走到母親身邊，跪了下來。

「很晚了，媽自己擦可以了，你明天還要上班，回去吧！」

他囁嚅片刻，終於忍不住啜泣道：

「媽，對不起，請原諒我！我們回家去吧！」

∼∼後語∼∼

隨著自己愈長大，

看著父母親臉龐從年輕變憔悴，

頭髮從烏絲變白髮,動作從迅捷變緩慢，多心疼！

父母親總是將最好、最寶貴的留給我們，

像蠟燭不停的燃燒自己，照亮孩子！

而我呢？

有沒有騰出一個空間給我的父母，

或者只是在當我需要停泊岸時，

才會想起他們……

其實父母親要的真的不多，

只是一句隨意的問候：爸、媽，你們今天好嗎？」

隨意買的宵夜，煮一頓再普通不過的晚餐，

睡前幫他們盖好被子，

天冷幫他們添衣服、戴手套……

都能讓他們高興溫馨很久。

有時，我常在想：我希望我的子女以後如何對我。

那現在，我有沒有如此對待我的父母？

我相信，人是環環相扣的；

現在，你如何對待你的父母；

以後，你的子女就如何待你。

朋友，人世間最難報的就是父母恩，

願我們都能：以反哺之心奉敬父母，以恩之心孝順父母！

∼共勉之∼

生命不要求我們成為最好的，只要求我們作最大的努力！

老人安養院牆上發現的一篇文章

孩子！當你還很小的時候，

我花了很多時間，教你慢慢用湯匙、用筷子吃東西。

教你繫鞋帶、扣扣子、溜滑梯、教你穿衣服、梳頭髮、擰鼻涕。

這些和你在一起的點點滴滴，是多麼的令我懷念不已。

所以，當我想不起來，接不上話時，

請給我一點時間，等我一下，

讓我再想一想……極可能最後連要說什麼，我也一併忘記。

孩子！

你忘記我們練習了好幾百回，

才學會的第一首娃娃歌嗎？

是否還記得每天總要我絞盡腦汁，

去回答不知道你從哪裡冒出來的嗎？

所以，當我重覆又重覆說著老掉牙的故事，

哼著我孩提時代的兒歌時，體諒我。

讓我繼續沉醉在這些回憶中吧！

切望你，也能陪著我閒話家常吧！

孩子，現在我常忘了扣扣子、繫鞋帶。

吃飯時，會弄髒衣服，梳頭髮時手還會不停的抖，

不要催促我，要對我多一點耐心和溫柔，

只要有你在一起，就會有很多的溫暖湧上心頭。

孩子！如今，我的腳站也站不穩，走也走不動。

所以，請你緊緊的握著我的手，陪著我，慢慢的。

就像當年一樣，我帶著你一步一步地走。

若為人子女也不懂得如何體諒他們，

那他們便只能於痛苦中渡過餘生，黑暗中逝去....

热线

2008-04-24T14:49:00.000+08:00

各州律师公会联络电话：
吉隆坡 03-26933585/ 3584
槟城 04-2615669
雪兰莪 03-55196219
森美兰 06-7633035
柔佛 07-2763888
彭亨 09-5159244
马六甲 06-2845519
霹雳 05-2415457
登嘉楼 09-6233044
登嘉楼 09-6241007/3007
吉打/ 玻璃市 04-7308305/7333467
吉兰丹 09-7484813

各州法律援助局（Biro Bantuan Guaman)联络电话：
彭亨 (关丹) 09-5161135
彭亨 (劳勿) 09-3553677
森美兰 06-7630457
马六甲 06-2841952
登嘉楼 09-6221722
柔佛 (新山) 07-2234960
柔佛 (麻坡) 06-9522410
吉兰丹 09-7482548
总办公室 03-88881117
玻璃市 04-9772377/9771742
霹雳 (怡保) 05-25404027/2552240
霹雳 (太平) 05-8082701
吉打 04-7300842/7338116
槟城 04-2623563
雪兰莪 03-55106192
联邦直辖区 03-26942700
话望生 09-9122688
沙巴 088-238966
砂拉越 (古晋) 082-258699
美里 085-423606
诗巫 084-343978

辅导员联络电话:

文采 019-3400796
陈云娟 (马来西亚生命线协会督导) 03- 9285 0279
林志成 (马来西亚生命线协会义工) 03- 92850225
黄秀蓉 (婚姻/两性) 012－305 6614 / 03-7981 6815
陈如湘 (心灵成长)016-2196063 / 016-2386563
马来西亚生命辅导热线 03-92821995
信心戒毒会 03－9200 3925
恩典青年戒毒中心 03－87611254
春晖单亲妈妈协助中心 03－7983 3328
雪隆痉挛儿童协会 03－7958 2393
文桥辅导室热线 03-9287 7251 （星期一至星期六）9am-11am, 1pm-4pm

其他联系:

吉隆坡警区热线 03－22626555 EPF 03－2693 2166 SOCSO 03－4253 5320
劳工部 03－8888 5600
工业协调局 03－8886 5283
消费人索偿仲裁庭
布特拉再也03－8882 5500,
哥打京那巴鲁 088－235 702
新山 07－2271 744
房屋仲裁庭 Tribunal Secretariat / Registry,Tribunal for Home Buyer Claims, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Level2, Block B South,Pusat Bandar Damansara, 50782 Kuala Lumpur.
Tel: 03-2092 4488 / tribunal@kpkt.gov.my
索偿表格1(Borang 1)：www.kpkt.gov.my/tribunal http://www.hba.org.my/

信贷辅导与债务管理机构 (AKPK) Agensi Kaunseling Dan Pengurusan Kredit (提供免费的财务管理服务和协助）
@ 吉隆坡总部 Level 8, Maju Junction Mall 1001, Jalan Sultan Ismail 50250 Kuala Lumpur Talian Bebas Tol : 1800 88 2575 Talian Am : 03-2698 8575 Nombor faks: 03-2698 1575 Emel : enquiry @ akpk.org.my
@ 槟城 Tel: 04-2612246
@ 瓜拉登嘉楼 Tel: 09-6312797
@ 新山 Tel: 07-2210533
@ 古晋 Tel: 082-414910
@ 亚庇 Tel: 088-538355

265畢業生跪謝師恩教師感動落淚, 您有何高见？

2007-11-22T10:51:00.000+08:00

（馬六甲訊）甲州文化小學265名小六畢業生為了感謝師恩，特於畢業典禮前夕在全校學生的見證下，向55名老師下跪敬茶、獻花及感恩冊，勇敢地把對老師的愛說出口，令老師為之感動而落淚，場面溫馨！

文化學校今日（週四，11月15日）早上這項下跪謝師儀式不只感動了師長，也讓低年級的學生上了一堂寶貴的尊師重道課程，令小學生們明白師恩的偉大，以及達到軟化孩子內心的效果，使到華裔孩子們勇於將愛說出口。

這項活動為甲州華小的首創，它更深一層的意義是，所有下跪謝恩的舉動都是學生自願而做，連校方也為學生的這份誠心而動容。

學校心理輔導老師陳月梅在儀式上表示，畢業生對老師的愛是非常認真及用心的，希望老師們這一刻能夠仔細的看看這些孩子，就會發現原來這些孩子是愛老師的！

“我們平時對學生嚴厲，那是我們愛子心切，擔心他們行差踏錯，所以老師打罵是一種愛的表現。老師絕對是愛學生的，否則就不會當老師。”

受到學生如此真誠的對待，許多女教師皆流下喜悅的眼淚。

以上活動是由甲州10所小學及1所幼兒園的大愛媽媽策劃，文化學校的畢業生自行排練和創作。（星洲日報•2007.11.15）

关于科学和宗教的一点感言

2007-11-21T15:53:00.000+08:00

古时的宗教也许是现在的科学, 而现在的宗教也许是将来的科学. 因此无限的宗教也许会永远超越有限的科学.

大港新民华小第31届( 1984 ) 毕业生“月光聚餐会”

2007-09-24T10:00:00.000+08:00

大港新民华小第31届( 1984 ) 毕业生“月光聚餐会”

22 / 09 / 2007

“ 明月几时有？把酒问青天 . . .”。借助月光的映照，把我久违没联络的同学们聚首一堂，叙旧当年情. . .。

亲爱的大港新民华小第31届 ( 1984 ) 毕业同学们，您们好！

光阴似箭，一瞬间我们已毕业离开母校将近23年。在离开母校后的这一段时间里，大家都各自谋生希望能为自己的将来找个稳健寄托。

在奔波忙碌的同时，刹那间脑海里可否有浮现当年在母校就读时一些令您难以忘怀的情节 . . . ？，某某同学不知近况如何、曾经暗恋的男 / 女同学不知现在已娶 / 嫁人还
是 . . .、我们的母校不知现在情景依旧，还是 . . .等等问题。

为了能解开同学们的疑问，毅然定于22/09/2007 (星期六) 下午7.30 pm于母校礼堂主办大港新民华小第31届(1984)毕业生“月光聚餐会”。届时希望全体第31届毕业之同学们能踊跃报名参加，尽情畅谈及回忆当年情 . . .。

欲报名参加或要更详细了解餐会详情请致电以下负责人：

黄榆智(玉智) 019-2677933

黄炳裕 016-6284238

王慧婷 016-2223195

卢顺福 012-3692959

6S班级照

2007-09-24T09:50:00.001+08:00

6S 的同学们！就在这一页请你们尽情的挥洒多年来的点点滴滴。。。

6R班级照

2007-09-24T09:48:00.001+08:00

6R 的同学们！就在这一页请你们尽情的挥洒多年来的点点滴滴。。。

6J班级照

2007-09-24T09:46:00.001+08:00

6J 的同学们！就在这一页请你们尽情的挥洒多年来的点点滴滴。。。

6K班级照

2007-09-24T09:44:00.001+08:00

6K 的同学们！就在这一页请你们尽情的挥洒多年来的点点滴滴。。。

6C班级照

2007-09-24T09:20:00.000+08:00

6C 的同学们！就在这一页请你们尽情的挥洒多年来的点点滴滴。。。

第三十一届

2007-09-18T15:45:00.000+08:00

嗨！新民小学第三十一届毕业生，大家好！